What is Water?
Water is a molecule called H2O that contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. It’s a transparent, odorless, tasteless liquid that you can find in lakes, rivers, and oceans. It falls from the sky as rain or snow.
Water is bottled and sold commercially, but it is also a key ingredient in thousands of products, from lotions and cosmetics to cleaners and beverages.
If you’re fortunate, water is all around you, in just the right amounts and in the right places. But it didn’t just get there by magic. Ultimately, fresh water is the result of the Earth’s water or hydrologic cycle (see Figure 1-1). Basically, the sun’s heat causes surface water to evaporate. It rises in the atmosphere, then cools and condenses to form clouds. When enough water vapor condenses, it falls back to the surface again as rain, sleet, or snow. The process repeats itself in a never-ending cycle.
The water we consume and use every day comes from two main sources: groundwater and surface water. Other sources such as snowmelt, rain, and recycled wastewater have only limited use, but they’re getting more attention these days because of water scarcity issues in dry climates. Just 1 percent of all water is accessible.
Water From the Ground
When rainwater or melting snow seeps into the ground, it collects in underground pockets called aquifers, which store the groundwater and form the water table, another name for the highest level of water that an aquifer can hold. Water levels can reach the water table or fall well below it depending on such factors as rainfall, drought, or the rate at which the water is being used. Groundwater usually comes from aquifers through a drilled well or natural spring. Surface water flows through or collects in streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and oceans — and not underground like groundwater. Surface water can be beautiful, even pristine looking, but most of it isn’t directly fit for drinking. Fully 97 percent is found in the oceans and can’t be used for drinking because of its salt content. The other 3 percent of water is fresh, and most of that is locked up in ice or glaciers.
The water we consume and use every day comes from two main sources: groundwater and surface water
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